Environmental Psychology - Free Essay Example

1. Place theory Place is used as a manner of examining the environment and breaking the environment down into conceptual components. It is difficult to examine space and environment as they are too general. To understand the concept of environmental psychology, one would firstly have to establish the meaning of place theory as peoples interaction with their physical environment is a principal in environmental psychology. The place theory has three aspects that are interlinked with each other (see figure 1). These three aspects are physical attributes, conceptions and human activities. According to Canter (1997) a place is a state of harmony created by the dialogue between human activities, conceptions and the physical attributes of the environment viewed from a historical perspective. However, Castello (2006) states that place is a unit where human experiences and physical form are fused together, creating a unitary context. The physical attributes of the place theory demonstrates the surroundings or environment in which a person finds himself, such as a bedroom, an office etc. A geographer, Edward Relph (1976), has a similar notion of place but replaced Canters (1997) aspect of conceptions with experiences. Thus, allowing more information to be gathered about the place as experiences are a result of an individuals history and everyday life. The types of human activities and the way in which it is carried out are contingent on factors such as knowledge, cultural background, values, as well as formal and informal controls (Ndubisi, 2002). As a result, the place theory suggests that places are viewed as holistic units of activities, physical form and meaning shaped by the goals and purposes of individuals. The place theory also works in concurrence with place identity and place attachment. Many researchers explore this dynamic relationship between people and place. Place identity and place attachment are concepts that demonstrate the significant relations between a person and place. Moreover, when individuals interact with their environment, they create bonds and links and their environment develops meaning. 1.1 Place identity There are many factors that shape human identity, and identity is (among other things) a product of the psychical environment (Hauge, 2007). Dixon and Durrheim (2000) state that a key moment in environmental psychologys critique of a disembodied notion of identity was the publication of Proshansky, Fabian, and Kaminoffs paper on place identity. Place identity, according to Proshansky (1987), can be defined as: a sub-structure of the self-identity of the person consisting of broadly conceived cognitions about the physical world in which individuals live. Pretty et al (2003) state that place identity is a cognitive structure which contributes to global self-categorisation and social identity processes. According to Knez (2005): Breakwell (1986, 1992, 1993), Twigger-Ross and Uzzell (1996), Twigger-Ross et al (2003), and Vignoles (2000) has suggested four processes related to place identity: place-related distinctiveness (e.g. I am a South African) place-referent continuity (e.g. I am living there because it reminds me of my past) place-related self-esteem (e.g. I am proud to live in this town) place-related self-efficacy (e.g. The town satisfies my needs and wants) Consequently, these processes encourage our self-esteem and identity as individuals. Hence the questions of who we are are often intimately related to questions of where we are (Dixon Durrheim 2000; Pretty et al 2003). The places people belong to does not just encourage their self-esteem but also their environmental preferences, and how they see themselves. Place identity could also lead to place attachment because when an individual identifies himself with the environment, individuals tend to feel attached to the same environment. 1.2 Place attachment Every single one of us has developed an unconscious bond towards some place over a period of time. It is suggested by Inalhan and Finch (2004) that the concept of place attachment is complex and multi-faceted, as place attachment has been studied by scholars from several disciplines such as; anthropology, architecture, family and consumer studies, folklore, gerontology, landscape architecture, psychology and urban planning. Place attachment can vary from place to place and can change easily depending on the degree of belonging of the person (Knez 2005). Thus, the degree of attachment a person has towards a place may determine the perceptions and satisfaction of the person in the specific place. Our attachment to a place grows with length of time living in a place and age, but mostly through positive interaction with a community. According to Milligan (1998) place attachment could be defined as: place attachment occurs when a particular interaction was accompanied by significant meaning However place attachment, according to Knez (2005), can be defined as: the affective positive bond between a person and a place; more specifically, a strong tendency of that person to maintain closeness to such a place. Many studies and researchers show that there is no single accepted definition of place attachment. The definition offered by Milligan (1998) serves a better purpose for this study. From this definition it is clear that place attachment is an emotional bond formed by an individual to a physical setting due to the meaning given to the location through processes of person-environment interactions (Casakin Kreitler, 2008). According to Halpenny (2005), one of the factors that could play a role in the formation of place attachment is satisfaction with a place. Moreover, if individuals are satisfied with their environments they tend to protect that place more and return to it. Payton (2003) and Warzecha et al (2000) state that place attachment has two main concepts that have been prevalent in literature: functional place attachment and emotional place attachment. Functional place attachment refers to the functionality or the ability of the resources to meet the needs or goals of individuals. Furthermore, functional place attachment is also closely linked to the kind of activities users pursue. This is because some activities are more complex and require specific aspects while other activities are more general. Shumaker and Taylor (1983) suggest that functional attachment is also referred to as place dependence. The concept is affected by two factors (Shumaker Taylor, 1983): The quality of place is determined by the individuals satisfaction and, The quality of the place depends on how it compares to other available places. Emotional place attachment refers to the emotional attributes of a person-place relationship and how place contributes to an individuals identity. Shumaker and Taylor (1983) declare that emotional attachment is also referred to as symbolic attachment. Moreover, emotional place attachment can be based on emotional ties to a specific place and is formed over a certain period through many encounters with the environment. According to Warzecha et al (2000), emotional place attachment may also be expressed as an identity with a symbolic meaning or idea. Place theory and all its aspects mentioned above form a fundamental starting point for any study in environmental psychology. 2. Introduction to Environmental psychology There are numerous people who do not know what environmental psychology is and what it consists of. Traditionally, environmental psychology has focused on the interrelationship between environments and human behaviour (De Young, 1999; Garling Golledge, 1993). According to Gifford (1997) individuals change the environment and their behaviour and experiences are changed by the environment. Furthermore, each individuals behaviour and experience is unique and differs from the person standing next to him/her in the same environment. These environments could be natural environments, social settings, built environments, learning environments and informational environments (Veith Arkkelin, 1995). Environmental psychology also consists of environmental psychological-processes in terms of a clear social-psychological perspective (Bonnes, 2003). These processes are individual processes such as perception, cognition and personality, and social processes such as territoriality, personal space, crowding and privacy. In addition, environmental psychology has continual elements that help to define this relatively unknown field. According to Garling and Golledge (1993), Kaplan and Kaplan (1982) these elements are: Attention Understanding an individuals behaviour begins with understanding how he/she notices and perceives the environment. This includes two types of stimuli: those that unwillingly, even distractingly, demand human notice, as well as those places, things or ideas to which humans must willingly, and with endeavour direct their awareness. Re-establishing and enhancing the individuals competence to willingly express his/her attention is a major factor in maintaining human effectiveness in an environment. Perception and cognitive maps How people perceive the natural and built environment has been an important aspect of environmental psychology. Information is memorised in the brain as spatial networks which is known a cognitive maps. This information links experiences with an individuals perception of current actions, ideas and emotions. It is through these spatial networks that individuals recognize and perceive the environment, plan and conduct these plans. Ideal environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" People have a tendency to look for places where they feel self-assured and competent, where they can familiarise themselves with the environment whilst also being engaged with it. Research has extended the concept of environmental psychology to embrace unity (a sense that things in the environment work together) and legibility (the assumption that an individual can walk around in an environment without being lost) as contributors to environmental understanding. To investigate an environment and to engage in it requires that the environment has complexity (that it has enough information and diversity to make it worth learning about) and mystery (the expectation of acquiring more information about an environment). Maintaining, re-establishing and developing an ideal environment enhances an individuals sense of well being and behavioural effectiveness in a person. Environmental stress and managing Research has recognized various behavioural and cognitive results including poor physical health, reduced selflessness and weaknesses, as well as paying no attention to the environment. Individuals can adjust their physical or social surroundings to create a more supportive environment (e.g. smaller scaled settings, territories, privacy, personal space) where they can supervise the course of information or stress inducing stimuli. Individuals can also seek to understand or make sense of circumstances as a way to resolve its stressful effects, often sharing these interpretations with other individuals as a part of their culture. Involvement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Environmental psychology is dedicated to improve an individuals participation in environmental design. It is focused not only on promoting an individuals understanding of environmental issues but on ensuring their early and actual participation in the design, adjustment and organisation of environments. Protective behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Environmental psychology has also played a key role in conveying psychological awareness to abide by the matter of developing an ecologically protracting society. The field also investigates environmental attitudes, perceptions and principles as well as planned involvement techniques for promoting environmentally appropriate behaviour. These continual elements form an essential part in an individuals perception of their environment as well as what to expect in that environment. Gifford (1997) states that environmental psychology is also studied at three levels of analysis. The first level of analysis sorts and arranges each individuals occurrence of the environment according to perceptions, cognition and personality. The next level of analysis is the collective organisation of space, which consists of four aspects namely; personal space, territory, crowding and privacy. The last level of analysis is the physical settings in which individuals find themselves every day. 2.1 Level of analysis 2.1.1 Perceptions, cognition and personality As previously mentioned, individuals form certain perceptions of their environment and surroundings. According to Veith and Arkkelin (1995), perception is one of the most basic and fundamental psychological processes in which humans engage. In addition Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) also state that perceptions are highly cognitive, which means that all environments carry a set of meanings acquired through their specific attributes. Consequently, these meanings are established from the environment by the perceiver with reference to his or her personal beliefs, values and attitudes. Furthermore, Bechtel et al (2002) point out that the forming of perceptions of a physical setting is associated with a molecular approach to the spatial-physical environment. This means that it places specific attention on the discrete sensory-perceptual features of the environment. According to Bell et al (2005) the term sensory-perceptions has been applied to relatively straightforward activity of human senso ry systems in reacting to a simple stimuli and forming a perception of the particular environment. According to Bonnes et al (1995) the term environmental perception is also often used interchangeably with environmental image, mental map and cognitive map. However, according to Bell et al (2005) cognitive maps refer to a mental framework that holds some representation for the spatial arrangement of the physical environment. Furthermore, Salmi (2002) states that wayfinding and cognitive mapping are inseparable, and most humans carry many cognitive maps in their heads. Therefore, cognitive maps assist individuals with another aspect of environmental psychology namely; wayfinding. Wayfinding according to Prestopnik and Roskos-Ewoldsen (2000) can be defined as the ability to navigate successfully through the environment. However, wayfinding according to Passini (1984) can be defined as the ability to identify ones location and arrive at destinations in the environment, both cognitively and behaviourally. Prestopnik and Roskos-Ewoldsen (2000) suggests that wayfinding can not be predicted in humans as different factors; internal and external, come into play. Internal factors include aspects of each individual, such as, gender, familiarity with the environment and the types of strategies the person uses to navigate through the environment (HÃÆ' ¶lscher et al 2006 and Spiers Maguire 2008). External factors include aspects of the physical setting, such as, the density of the built environment, the availability of meaningful landmarks, and the pattern of the streets and intersections as well as staffed information booths (Salmi 2002). HÃÆ' ¶lscher et al (2006; 2009) identified three wayfinding strategies that are used to support route choice decisions in three dimensional multi-level buildings. Firstly, the central point strategy as sticking oneself, as much as possible, to main hallways and main places in the building, especially if the individual is unfamiliar with the building. Secondly, the direction strategy of deciding on routes that leads towards the horizontal position of the goal as directly as possible, irrespective of changes in different levels. Thirdly, the hierarchically organised navigation plan strategy. This strategy is based on cognitively sectioning the building into areas which guide navigation decisions. However, Spiers and Maguire (2008) identified their own wayfinding strategies that assist individuals with their wayfinding experience. Least-angle strategy suggests that paths are chosen that minimise deviation from the angle pointing directly to the goal. Fine-to-coarse strategy proposes that routes are planned in fine detail in the currently occupied region, but only coarsely when planning navigation between regions. Least-decision-load strategy implies that individuals will often choose the path with the least number of possible decision points. As stated above, environmental psychology and the physical environment are influenced through wayfinding in a building, cognitive maps as well as perceptions of the environment. Another aspect that influences environmental psychology is personality of an individual. Gifford (1997) pointed out that there are five reasons why personality is an important part in environmental psychology. These five reasons are: Personality is strongly linked to the physical environment; Information of a persons personality helps us to comprehend and foretell environmentally relevant behaviour; Individuals have dispositions that are particularly related to person-environment transactions; Personal dispositions are an essential aspect to one of environmental psychologys most important concepts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" environmental compatibility; The notion of personality can be applied to places instead of people. Bonnes et al (1995) agree with Gifford (1997) on the third reason. They suggest that personality and the environment are related to the disposition of individuals. 2.1.2 Collective organisation of space Spatial organisation or organisation of space is considered the first major component in wayfinding design because it not only defines the wayfinding problems of future users, but also affects the ease or difficulty users will experience in comprehending and cognitively mapping the setting (Passini, 1984). According to Prestopnik and Roskos-Ewoldsen (2000) spatial orientation tasks are influenced by the familiarity of the environment. Furthermore, Iachini et al (2009) state that unfamiliar participants learn the environment through a map, whereas familiar participants rely on their long term experiences with the environment. According to Salmi (2002) there are key points to look out for in organisation of space. These points include: Architectural features in the building define different areas such as hallways, staircases etc. which assist the user with orientation in the building and increase the cognitive experience; Make sure that large-scale buildings have destination zones, such as an atrium, since it would assist the user to retrace his/her own path; Establish spatial overview opportunities so that a visitor can visualise a buildings design from different vantage points as it helps individuals to build a improved cognitive map; Consider the design of the building as a whole, the layout should not be confusing or allow visitors to get lost easily. 2.1.3 Physical settings According to Salmi (2002) physical settings must accommodate an increasingly, diverse population as it is critical that the setting be designed to be as inclusive and universally accessible as possible, addressing the requirements of a wide range of physical, sensory and cognitive abilities and needs. Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) state that any number of behaviours can occur within any physical setting. Moreover, Bell et al (2005) declare that physical settings both facilitate and constrains or limits the behaviour that occurs in it. Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) added that attitude towards an environment will influence a persons behaviours such as littering and attachment to the place. With environmental psychology being such a diverse field with many different aspects, the interactions between the four phenomenons (privacy, crowding, territoriality and personal space) help to address problems associated with environmental psychology. Gifford (1997) also states that environmental psychology is aimed at making buildings more humane and improving our relationship with the natural environment. 3. Privacy Privacy is an important phenomenon that each individual wants to achieve on a daily basis. There are many laws that have been established regarding individuals privacy, such as the right to privacy. Thus allowing individuals to have their own level of privacy. The level of privacy is measured in relation to the other social processes of environmental psychology namely; personal space, territoriality and crowding (Gifford 1997; Veitch and Arkkelin 1995, Bonnes et al 1995). In addition, according to Harris et al (1995) and Altman (1975) people use complex combinations of verbal, paraverbal, nonverbal and spatial mechanisms to attain a desired level of contact and degree of privacy. Faulkner et al (1994) state that the level of privacy is physical (sleeping, dressing) and psychological (for development and renewal). According to Demirbas and Demirkan (2000), the definition of privacy varies for each individual due to the different personal characteristics, cultural backgrounds, sex, age, economical, educational and social backgrounds. Ding (2008) defines privacy as the personal control over interactions and/or communications with others. However, Gritzalis et al (2009) state that privacy can generally be defined as the right to be left alone, meaning that it represents a sphere where it is possible to remain separate from others, anonymous and unobserved. Therefore, it is evident that privacy refers to the manner in which individuals control or regulate other individuals access to themselves. However privacy does not necessary mean withdrawing from people (Pederson, 1999; Marshall, 1972), instead it involves controlling the amount and type of contact one has with others. Gifford (1997) further declares that it is not easy to assess privacy because of its complex nature; as it has been measured in terms of preference, behaviour, need and expectation of each individual. Bonnes et al (1995) also state that the major interest of empirical research has been to study and measure the more strictly motivational and evaluative aspects such as; needs, expectations and values that individuals variously associate with privacy. Harris et al (1995) state that the universal aspects of privacy regulations are suggested by the apparent relationship between privacy, place attachment and quality of life. Cassidy (1997) pointed out that not everyone will react in the same way with regard to privacy. According to Altman (1975) and Westin (1970) there are certain characteristics that influence privacy such as: Individuals need for privacy is a continuing dynamic of changing internal and external conditions External and internal conditions are affected by privacy achieved Individuals effort to control privacy may be unsuccessful at some times Privacy can take different forms as it has many dimensions. 3.1 Types of privacy Demirbas and Demirkan (2000) also state that there are four types of privacy namely; solitude, reserve, anonymity and intimacy. Solitude refers to being alone and unobserved by others, which is either a neutral or desirable condition. Reserve, in turn, means that individuals form barriers between themselves and their environments which regulate intrusion. Anonymity is a type of privacy that gives individuals a chance to move around in a public environment without other people recognising them. Intimacy refers to an individuals aspiration to encourage close personal relationships with only preferred individuals. Additionally, Pederson (1999) identifies two more types of privacy; intimacy with family (being alone with family) and intimacy with friends (being alone with friends). According to Harris et al (1995) social functions of privacy and privacy regulation are central to psychological well-being. Privacy regulation refers to selective control over access to the self or to ones group (Altman 1975). Thus, making it clear that regulation of the types of privacy, mentioned above, is a function of both personal and situational factors. Personal factors refer to the individuals need for privacy, personal attractiveness, interpersonal skills, personality variables and ability to utilise privacy control mechanisms (Pederson, 1999). Situational factors may be social or physical. Social factors are presence, willingness and personal characteristics of others who have the potential for social interaction. Physical factors entail aspects such as barriers, location, layout and distances (Pederson, 1999). 3.2 Benefits and functions of privacy The psychological benefits of privacy reflect the function of privacy. Privacy supports social interaction which, in turn, affects our competence to deal with our world, which affects our self-definition (Altman, 1975). Therefore, the benefits of privacy arise from achieving its functions. According to Margulis (2005) the benefits of privacy are: Privacy is a basis for the development of identity, Privacy protects personal autonomy, Privacy supports healthy functioning by providing needed opportunities to relax, to ones self, to emotionally vent, to escape from the stresses of daily life, to manage bodily and sexual functions and to cope with loss, shock, and sorrow. However Keenan (2005) identifies other categories that capture the kinds of benefits privacy holds for people: Natural and psychological benefits: privacy provides physical, psychological and spiritual benefits to individuals. Individuals have certain needs, such as security and connectedness, that they want to satisfy, but invasion of privacy destroys ones sense of connectedness; Creative benefits: many people see privacy as conductive to creativity. Individuals have the need to have their own rooms where they are away from other people and regulate their privacy; Protective benefits: this refers to physical invasion of individuals sense of being safe and secure such as, the protection of ones home from burglary; Social benefits: individuals have the ability to regulate their own invasion of privacy and allow people they know or do not know to invade that privacy on a social basis; Democratic benefits: privacy is self-determining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" each individual has the right to be left alone. According to Veitch snd Arkkelin (1995) the functions of privacy are: the achievement of a self-identity and the management of interactions between oneself and the social environment. According to Margulis (2005), privacy is important because it provides us with experiences that support normal psychological functioning, stable interpersonal relationships, and personal development. 3.3 Achieving privacy in design Individuals have a definite desire to a certain level of privacy in their homes. Privacy, in an architectural manner, can be defined as; the ability of individuals and families to lead their own lives without either interfering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" or being interfered by the lives of others (Goodchild 1997). According to Faulkner et al (1994) a home provides privacy from outsiders with walls that protect the individual from physical, visual and various degrees of acoustical intrusion. Furthermore, Goodchild (1997) identifies three types of privacy in designing a house, whether in the house or outside the house: Firstly, privacy means circumventing problems with neighbours. Problems could arise when the layout of the resident and the type of housing is not correct such as; the walls of the enclosed area of each persons house are not high enough, which influences privacy. Secondly, privacy means a sense of seclusion. It means freedom from overlooking and freedom form invasive noise. This could be achieved by using noise insulation techniques and higher walls to increase space between neighbours. Thirdly, privacy means freedom from disturbance from other people, either guests or members of the same family, within the home. The level of privacy inside the home is determined by the number of different rooms in relation to the family size. Faulkner et al (1994) also states that the floor plan sets the privacy levels at which the home functions such as; open floor plan or closed floor plan. 3.4 Mechanisms of privacy Four aspects of privacy regulation mechanisms have been identified through data by Westin (1970) and Kent (1993). Firstly, privacy controls provide standards of behaviour for individuals and groups. Secondly, privacy creates an option between isolation and interaction, and can create the perception of being by yourself. Thirdly, individuals, groups, and societies tend to enter the privacy of others; curiosity is an example of this aspects. Fourthly, as society moves form primeval to contemporary, the physical and psychological opportunities for privacy increase. According to Bonnes et al (1995) and Altman (1975) personal space and territorial behaviour are used by individuals primarily to regulate privacy and to maintain their openness/closedness towards others at optimal levels. Additionally, Harris et al (1996) suggest that when individuals are confronted with negative privacy experiences, they will use a variety of privacy regulation mechanisms including verbal and nonverbal behaviours, cognitive, environmental, temporal and cultural mechanisms. Altman (1975) further suggests that the effectiveness and ease of implementing privacy regulation mechanisms may vary considerably across individuals and across social, physical and temporal context. Consequently, by combining these mechanisms individuals can efficiently express their needed level of privacy to others in order to attain the optimal level of privacy. Altman (1975) developed a framework for understanding the mechanisms of privacy regulation. This framework can be used as a summary of all of the above mentioned aspects of privacy (see figure 2). This figure indicates that privacy is a central concept that links the different phenomenons of environmental psychology (personal space, territoriality and crowding) with privacy regulation mechanisms. 4. Territoriality The phenomenon territoriality is extremely widespread in the field of environmental psychology since it consists of many different definitions. According to Gifford (1997) there are different variables that influence territoriality such as; dominance, conflict, security, claim staking, arousal, vigilance, behaviour and cognition to place. Gifford (1997) also states that a formal definition for territoriality is: is a pattern of behaviour and attitudes held by an individual or group that is based on perceived, attempted, or actual control of a definable physical space, object or idea that may involve habitual occupation, defense, personalisation and marking of it. However territoriality, according to Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) can be defined as: behaviour by which an organism characteristically lays claim to an area and defend it against intrusion by members of his or her own species. According to Altman (1975) territories exist to meet both physical and social needs, while being temporarily or permanently owned, controlled, marked or personalised and potentially defended by occupants or owners. On the other hand, territoriality comprises a specific set of affective, cognitive and behavioural tendencies expressed towards the territory (Altman 1975). Faulkner et al (1994) agrees with Altman (1975), however suggests that territory is a specifically defined area owned or controlled and personalised by defensive boundary markers such as fences, signs, nameplates, or sometimes behavioural cues as simple as a cold stare. Territoriality is linked to self-identity and works in relation to an individuals psychological well-being. According to Proshansky et al (1983) internal determinants of territorial behaviour are to maintain and achieve privacy. Faulkner et al (1994) declares that the concept of territoriality in humans is closely related to the attainment and protection of privacy. Privacy, in turn, releases individuals from various emotional strains and provides a place of evaluation of oneself. 4.1 Types of territoriality Gifford (1997), Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) and Fraine et al (2007) recognize two systems for classifying territorialities: the Altman system as well as the Lyman and Scott system. The Altman system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a key attribute to this system is the degree of privacy, attachment or accessibility. Furthermore the system identifies three different types of territoriality. Primary territories: this refers to places that individuals own and which are controlled by them on a regular basis over a certain time and revolve around their everyday lives. Primary territories are seen as an extension of the self in terms of self-identity and self-esteem being related to the area. Additionally, Gifford (1997) states that the psychological importance of a primary territory to its occupant(s) is always high. Secondary territories: this type of territory is not that essential to individuals as the person does not have complete control over the environment and the duration of the occupancy is temporary. A persons desk at the office and a locker at school are examples of secondary territories. Public territories: this refers to areas where everyone has equal rights to use the specific area such as the sidewalk, public bathrooms. Gifford (1997) points out that public territory is open to all outsiders who are not specifically excluded. Fraine et al (2007) points out that primary territories is the most central and enduring, while public territories are the least. The Lyman and Scott system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this system overlaps with the above mentioned system and in addition identified two more types of territoriality: 1) Interactional territories: this type refers to areas that are momentarily controlled by people who interact with each other such as; classrooms, offices or parks. 2) Body territories: this refers to the physical self as a territory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" sometimes bodies are entered with or without permission. With permission, is when an individual gives authorisation for someone to enter their bodily territory for instance, with surgery. Without permission, is when entering of bodily territory occurs without the individuals consent such as an attack. 4.2 Territorial behaviour Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) declare that one does not have to look hard to find compelling evidence of territorial behaviour in humans à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" witness for example, the prevalence of locks on doors, fences and NO TRESPASSING signs. Gifford (1997) identifies six types of behaviour humans portray in certain environments. Personalisation and Marking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is a type of behaviour which occurs in many different settings such as; restaurants, games arcades and many more which individuals are not even aware of. Personalisation and marking can also be intentional at times such as; No intruding or No tracking. Aggression and Territorial defense à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Gifford (1997) states that territoriality and aggression go hand in hand. Aggression is a type of behaviour that arises under some circumstances such as the protection of ones home in the event of an intrusion or when territorial restrictions are unclear. Dominance and Control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" dominance is related to the amount and value of territories every individual holds. Control refers to the influence on space, ideas and other aspects in those territories. According to Altman (1975) territorial behaviour must be considered more properly as a mechanism which regulates the borders of the self/other through the process of personalisation or demarcation of places of objects possessed by a person or a group. Consequently, this mechanism is useful for describing the more general process underlying the relationship between persons and the environmental space (Bonnes et al 1995). 4.3 Achieving territoriality in design Gifford (1997) states that territoriality should be analysed in each environment as it is a factor which results in preferring or not preferring an environment. Furthermore, the design of a particular space should try to diminish aggression, enhance control and encourage a sense of order and protection. According to Faulkner et al (1994) symbolic of our psychological identification with our place is our attitude of possessiveness and arrangement of personal objects and furnishings within it. 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Users privacy preferences in open plan offices. Emerald Group. 26, 401-417. DIXON, J. DURRHEIM, K. 2000. Displacing place-identity: a discursive approach to locating self and others. British journal of social psychology. 39, 27-44. FAULKNER, R., FAULKNER, S. NISSEN, L. 1994. Inside todays home. 6th ed. Thompson learning: Wadsworth. 672p. FRAINE, G., SMITH, S.G., ZINKIEWICZ, L., CHAPMAN, R. SHEEHAN, M. 2007. At home on the road? Can drivers relationships with their cars be associated with territoriality? Journal of environmental psychology. 27, 204-214. GARLING, T. GOLLEDGE, R. 1993. Behavior and Environment: Psychological and Geographical Approaches. Amsterdam: North Holland. GIFFORD, R. 1997. Environmental psychology: principles and practices. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 504p. GOODCHILD, B. 1997. Housing and the urban environment: a guide to housing design. Blackwell Science. 330p. GRITZALIS, S., KARYDA, M., PARK, H.J., KOKOLAKIS, S. 2009. 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Journal of environmental psychology. 29, 208-219. HÃÆ'–LSCHER, C., MEILINGER, T., VRACHLIOTIS, G., BRÃÆ'–SAMLE, M. KNAUFF, M. 2006. Up the down staircase: wayfinding strategies and multi-level buildings. Journal of environmental psychology. 26, 284-299. IACHINI, T., RUOTOLO, F. RUGGIERO, G. 2009. The effects of familiarity and gender on spatial representation. Journal of environmental psychology. 29, 227-234. INALHAN, G FINCH, E. 2004. Place attachment and sense of belonging. Emerald group. 22, 120-128. KAPLAN, S. R. KAPLAN. 1982. Cognition and Environment. NY: Praeger. KEENAN, K.M. 2005. Invasion of privacy: a reference handbook. ABC: Clio. 259p. KENT , S. 1993. Domestic architecture and the use of space: an interdisciplinary cross-cultural study. Cambridge: University press. 192p. KNEZ, I. 2005. Attachment and identity as related to a place and its perceived climate. Journal of environmental psychology. 25, 207-218. MALGULIS, S.T. 2005. Privacy and psychology. Normative, psychological and social perspectives. Journal of environmental psychology. 1-26p. MARSHALL, N.J. 1972. Privacy and environment. Journal of human ecology. 93-110. MILLIGAN, M. 1998. Interactional past and potential. Symbolic interaction. 21, 1-33. NDUBISI, F. 2002. Ecological planning: a historical and comparative synthesis. Center for American places. 287p. PASSINI, R. 1984. Spatial representations, a wayfinding perspective. Journal of environmental psychology. 4, 153-164. PAYTON, M.A. 2003. Influence of place attachment and social capital on civic action. Journal of natural resources. 93. PEDERSON, D.M. 1999. Model for types of privacy by privacy dimensions. J ournal of environmental psychology. 19, 397-405. PRESTOPNIK, J.L. ROSKOS-EWOLDSON, B. 2000. The relationship among wayfinding strategy use, sense of direction, sex, familiarity and wayfinding ability. Journal of environmental psychology. 20, 177-191. PRETTY, G.H., CHIPUER, H.M. BRAMSTON, P. 2003. Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: the discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity. Journal of environmental psychology. 23, 273-287. PROSHANSKY, H.M. 1987. The field on environmental psychology: securing its future. Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: John Wiley Sons. PROSHANSKY, H.M., FABIAN, A.K. KAMINOFF, R. 1983. Place-identity: physical world socialisation of the self. Journal of environmental psychology. 3, 57-83. RELPH, E. 1976. Place and placelessness. London: Pion. SALMI, P. 2002. Wayfinding design: hidden barriers to universal access. Implications. Info rma designs. 6p. SHUMAKER, S.A., TAYLOR, R.B. 1983. Towards a clarification of people-place relationships: a model of attachment to place. Environmental psychology: directions and perspectives. 219-251p. SPIERS, H.J., MAGUIRE, E.A. 2008. The dynamic nature of cognition during wayfinding. Journal of environmental psychology. 28, 232-249. VEITCH, R. ARKKELIN, D. 1995. Environmental psychology: an interdisciplinary perspective. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 461p. WESTIN, A. 1970. Privacy and freedom. New York: Atheneum. 487p. WARZECHA, C.A., LIME, D.W. THOMPSON, J.L. 2000. Visitors relationship to the resource: comparing place attachment in wildland and developed settings. Journal of natural resources. 4, 1-15.

College Evaluation Essay Samples - Tips On How To Choose The Best

<h1>College Evaluation Essay Samples - Tips On How To Choose The Best</h1><p>There are numerous school assessment exposition tests that can be found on the Internet. You can likewise employ a composing administration to compose your school assessments. On the off chance that you need to search for the best school assessment articles for your school understanding, you can do as such by perusing through the Internet.</p><p></p><p>There are such a large number of school assessment exposition tests accessible on the Internet, yet it is difficult to think about every one of them. It is significant that you cautiously look at the most recent school assessments and discover which school assessment paper tests offer you the best nature of writing.</p><p></p><p>When you are searching for school assessment article tests, you need to remember that every one of these examples have certain similitudes. A portion of the examples off er the best example for school assessment paper. The motivation behind this article is to give you a portion of the regular qualities of school assessment paper tests. Remember these attributes when you are perusing through the Internet for school assessment paper samples.</p><p></p><p>First, some school assessment article tests are made for a particular class that you are wanting to join in. It is better on the off chance that you search for test papers for all schools since some of them have a similar organization as the remainder of the universities. You can discover the examples dependent on various catchphrases. For instance, in the event that you need to locate the best article tests for online MBA degree, you can discover such examples dependent on 'online mba degree'online msb degree.'</p><p></p><p>Second, the vast majority of the exposition tests that you find on the Internet are composed by the educator or other individual wh o regulated the understudy. You ought to never go for the examples dependent on the creator since they as a rule have some syntactic blunders. Additionally, you can discover tests dependent on the class that you will join in. The equivalent is valid with an online MBA degree program where you will discover the examples dependent on the online MBA degree program.</p><p></p><p>Third, a large portion of the school assessment exposition tests are composed by someone who as of now has great composing aptitudes. There are test papers that can be discovered just on the off chance that you are searching for the best school assessment article tests for your particular school. The exposition ought to likewise be very much organized and incorporate legitimate sentence structure. On the off chance that the example has such a large number of blunders, it is best that you discover another sample.</p><p></p><p>Therefore, you can securely utilize scho ol assessment exposition tests dependent on your prerequisites and your vocation objectives. This is significant on the off chance that you need to locate the best school assessment exposition tests and get the best ones for your school understanding. In the event that you do, you will see that your school assessment article tests can show signs of improvement and you will have the option to appreciate the advantages of good quality writing.</p>

Tips For Writing A Romantic Essay Topic

Tips For Writing A Romantic Essay TopicRomance paper subjects are basic for you to compose an incredible, serious exposition. In the event that you need to ace this art, you should have the option to consider a wide range of thoughts for your essay.Essays are normally composed to come to a meaningful conclusion. Along these lines, you have to cause your article to mirror your point unmistakably. Be that as it may, in the event that you have not rolled out any extraordinary improvements in your own life, you will think that its hard to consider mutiple or two plans to examine during your essay.Instead of composing various focuses about different things, pick a couple of that you will have a few contemplations on. Furthermore, you can blend your thoughts in a few different ways, including by utilizing various words all through the article. A few different ways of blending your thoughts are as follows:One smart thought is to utilize a few unique words all through the whole piece. Thusly , you can incorporate enough plans to introduce a few distinct focuses. For instance, you can utilize the word 'love' in better places all through the article. It is likewise imperative to incorporate words, for example, 'commitment'hope' in various places.The second thought is to cause your peruser to feel that you are the finished individual they are finding out about. It isn't exceptional for understudies to apply thoughts for their exposition just to acknowledge later on how they don't seem like the individual they have become subsequent to accomplishing the work. At the point when you utilize a few distinct words all through the piece, you can tell your peruser that you are a one of a kind individual.You can likewise blend a few unique thoughts into a piece that incorporates every one of them and afterward change the places of these thoughts after some time. With enough assortment, you can cause your entire piece to appear to be changed with each change.In short, these sentimen tal exposition themes incorporate numerous alternatives to browse. Albeit numerous understudies fall flat at their task since they don't utilize a wide range of thoughts to compose their exposition, they have the most obvious opportunity at composing an article that is of extraordinary quality in the event that they utilize these tips. Use them, and you can get an interesting and important exposition for your school's senior undertaking.

Make Use of Topic Ideas When Writing A Chemistry And Education Research Paper

Make Use of Topic Ideas When Writing A Chemistry And Education Research PaperUsing various types of topics to write a chemistry and education research paper is an effective way to generate a topic idea. Although the topic of your paper will not be the driving force behind the content of the essay, it should serve as a springboard for ideas that you can use in developing the content of the essay. By brainstorming topics that you have written, you will be able to identify your strengths and weaknesses when writing your paper.Research is always an effective way to generate topic ideas that you can then use in your writing. Writing a research paper is an exercise in writing, and therefore the best use of your time is to come up with topics that you can use to develop ideas for your essay. Additionally, you can use research in developing the content of your essay.A research paper usually focuses on how the world of academia has changed over the last century, what has changed, and what wil l change in the future. Science and technology, the environment, energy resources, technology and the interactions between these three are all subject areas that you can research to be more effective in developing ideas for your research paper. Whether your topic is about a topic that has not been researched previously or one that is new to you, you can still use this method to generate topic ideas.While science and technology are important areas to research in order to develop the content of your essay, if you want to be more successful in developing ideas for your research paper, you should consider making a non-scientific background into your essay. Depending on the topic that you choose, you can base your essay on an actual person, place, or thing. If you choose to use people, you may want to consider naming each person after them and drawing from their experience and professional affiliations.If you choose to use a real place or animal, you may want to consider naming it after the animal and using their experiences and affiliation in your paper. For example, if you chose the city of Baltimore, you could name the location after Baltimore. If you choose to use a location and story that are non-science related, you can draw from the experiences of the place and the people that live there.Writing in an essay is not an easy task, but by using specific techniques, you can make your writing process more effective. You can use different types of resources to develop topics that you can use in your research paper. In addition to brainstorming with topics that you have written, you can also make use of books, the Internet, journals, and magazines.What type of resources can you use to develop topics for your research? If you are a first-time researcher, you may want to use books and journals to generate topics. Books can provide you with helpful information and broad overviews of many different topics, while journals contain articles that will help you learn more ab out certain topics.When writing a research paper, you can easily develop an essay that will make an impact on the readers of the essay. After writing your paper, you will see that developing topic ideas for the content of your essay did not take you long at all. It is important to research topics that you can use for the content of your essay, as well as understanding what you want to say through your essay. Whether you choose to write a thesis or you just want to develop a thesis statement, you can use topics to help you develop ideas for your essay.

Gun Control Topics for Argumentative Essay - the Story

<h1> Gun Control Topics for Argumentative Essay - the Story </h1> <p>Gun control presents complex issues that are significant things filling progressing discusses. It's anything but a decent answer for our nation. Despite the fact that it is seen as the best answer for lessen wrongdoing and murder. Today, it is a significant worry in political battles the country over. </p> <p>Recent acts of mass violence in numerous states in the US have strengthened the discussion which has many intrigue bunches supporting weapon control. Having firearms accessible to anyone in a house whenever can bring about genuine challenges, wounds or passings. Counting the date you got to an on-line source is at present discretionary. To get a permit you will have individual verification and must be at any rate 21 decades old. </p> <p>Having a handgun empowers individuals to shield themselves from potential wrongdoing. To sum up, firearm control is fundamental for a sheltered spot for all. At present it is incredibly easy to obtain a firearm. Weapons like the AR-15 ambush rifle are made for the quick and successful slaughter of people. </p> <p>It's in this way perfectly clear that mass shooting isn't the sole manner by which weapons are utilized for the mistaken purposes. It isn't workable for example to execute masses of people using a solitary blade while in the opposite, a solitary rifle might be utilized in a mass shooting. The terminating meeting is basically characteristically unbalanced. All things considered, some of the weapons taken for chasing are attack and self-loader. </p> <p>The subjects for factious expositions are oftentimes extremely simple they're normal comprehension. The complete nature of a descriptive exposition is it rules out individual supposition. In this manner you should present your paper to a specialist article editor to look at your work and make vital changes. The absolute best pugnacious paper composing administration on the internet is an association that provisions great quality and sensibly estimated help on contentious exposition and factious article points. </p > <p>Each of these assortments of paper is possessed by the classification of enlightening article. Research is critical if doing a pugnacious article of any kind. Know your underlying exploration paper subject shouldn't be limited. In any case, on the off chance that you find a particular weapon control-related subject intriguing, it's not adequate to make an extraordinary theme for an examination paper. </p> <h2> The Importance of Gun Control Topics for Argumentative Essay</h2> <p>To take the most reasonable status in the weapon legitimization exposition is the crucial point in time for your whole work. In a perfectly clear and single sentence it summarizes what point you are endeavoring to make. It's risky for somebody to watch himself, without a weapon. </p> <p>Thus, the proposition explanation can't be a reality. Generally significant, be sure that your proposal is completely clear and answers the inquiry. A decision is, beyond question, the most noteworthy segment of the pugnacious paper since you can either bolster the phenomenal impression or crush it totally. Much the same as the introduction, it should be similarly short. </p> <h2> The War Against Gun Control Topics for Argumentative Essay</h2> <p>Repeating precisely the same idea is a procedure which works in pretty much any situation where somebody is endeavoring to maneuver you into a contention. The principle motivation behind why the issue is questionable is since there isn't any center ground on the issue and as such people hold solid contradicting sees. On the splendid side, you normally must choose a fixed theme and cling to it. There's not really a theme more questionable point than firearm control so you won't should be worried about that. &l t;/p> <p>Many people feel it has an impact to social connections. At whatever point you're attempting to learn your inspirations for who you might want to be, it can assist with investigating the individuals you most need to resemble. In spite of the fact that many individuals trust it would be to support the people, I don't think so.</p>

The Point Of An Elon College Application Essay Topic

<h1>The Point Of An Elon College Application Essay Topic</h1><p>The reason for this article is to examine how you can utilize an Elon College application paper theme to make the effective proposition you need to. In this article, I will talk about the five most significant focuses to make with the exposition topic.</p><p></p><p>The first central matter to make with the subject of your Elon College application paper is to concentrate on the idea of support. An application exposition theme on support regularly gets some information about somebody they know and to consider how that individual was raised and on the off chance that they have any thoughts regarding how they may have been brought up.</p><p></p><p>The second central matter to make with your article point on sustain is to show your consideration for your peruser. On the off chance that you utilize an Elon College application exposition subject on sustain to bui ld up a learning experience, you can decide to either make the peruser think or you can make them have an independent perspective. In any case, don't be reluctant to draw an examination with another person, as this can powerfully affect the peruser. Not exclusively would you be able to make a peruser think, however you can likewise make them think for themselves as well.</p><p></p><p>Finally, the third primary concern to make with your article subject on support is to give solid instances of how the peruser can emphatically improve. At the end of the day, don't attempt to conceal the effect you need to make. Have a companion experience a similar circumstance you're portraying and enlighten your peruser regarding how they have been raised and have been allowed the chance to improve. The model is a useful asset in getting your perusers to change for the better.</p><p></p><p>Use the Eloraan College application article subject on sustain t o utilize guides to commute home your point, however you can likewise utilize it to show perusers the effect you need to make on the peruser. Making a fascinating and enlightening model can assist you with giving a convincing contention for your school and cause the peruser to be inspired to take action.</p><p></p><p>The fourth central matter to make with the subject of your paper is to be compact. Attempt to be as compact as could be expected under the circumstances. The inquiry ought to be posed such that solitary your peruser can comprehend. Composing a more drawn out, increasingly included exposition on a particular point may expand the significance of your subject and might be incredibly hard to answer.</p><p></p><p>The Eloraan College application article theme on support can be very useful to you in building up a school understanding and as you deal with your application paper you should remember a similar procedure. By utilizing the five focuses portrayed above you can make your understudy proposition stand apart from the remainder of the competition.</p>

Great College Essay Samples Tips

<h1> Great College Essay Samples Tips</h1> <h2> Great College Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! </h2> <p>In the case of inadequacy of the time you're ready to acquire a moderate exposition. The word utilized by the school director might be something more along the lines of interpret as they should unravel your meandering aimlessly composing and find what you're endeavoring to state. The perfect thing about us is that each time you can purchase unique exposition papers available to be purchased. Likewise, remember that no school is anxious to concede an individual who is excessively close-disapproved to pick up from being instructed by others. </p> <p>If you own a companion or relative who peruses a ton of books in their extra time, I wager you accept they're truly insightful. At the end of the day, schools wish to acknowledge somebody who's going to graduate, be prosperous on the planet and have the college associated with that achieve ment. A great many people make some trying memories examining over their own one of a kind work. On the off chance that it's in this way, at that point you'll be possessing some trying energy for an understudy notwithstanding being an essayist. </p> <h2> Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Great College Essay Samples Is Wrong </h2> <p>College papers need to begin solid. Since the school article isn't precisely the same sort of paper that you compose for your secondary school English instructor, it doesn't have to have the normal exposition presentation, which offers a proposal explanation. School papers, for the huge part, are notwhere you have to talk about your negatives. Composing the school application exposition can be among the most overwhelming bits of applying to school. </p> <p>At the occasion, how about we look at two or three instances of genuine school paper beginnings to show how and why they work. Precisely the same case will present an application for a school exposition starter. </p> <p>Don't overlook, all sort of exercises you're talking about in the paper must be related with the grant program. The center piece of your school individual articulation or article should go into more profundity what you envision studying. Building up an ideal acquaintance is likely with make your exposition stick out. Instructions to form your story specialists state an extraordinary school article is one which includes an understudies voice and character. </p> <p>In history, reading material are utilized to have the option to be certain the consistency in the coursework that were offered to the understudies in accordance with the evaluation level of the course prerequisites. School reading material were generally used in the universities as an approach to be used as references for learning. </p> <p>The paper that is brimming with terrible quips or unseemly jokes will regularly end up in the dismissal heap. Additionally, humor isn't a trade for substance. The presentation may have huge amounts of obligation however that doesn't show you should perspire composing it. In the event that you may have incorporated the compositions of another person without seeing, you will be able to find them and reword them so as to take out any hints of written falsification in front of giving your article in. </p> <p>Whether there are bunches of errors in your paper, it can't be lovely. Before you select the story you might want to tell, there are various things that you should consider. Should you choose you have to visit around one of the adage paper subjects referenced already, a better methodology than recount to a progressively pervasive story is to focus on one explicit second and work starting there. The goal is to substance out the entirety of your potential thoughts so when you begin composing, you know and comprehend where you're going with the topic.</p> <p>A run of the mill exposition has different data that is regularly situated at explicit parts of the article. The primary motivation behind why the educators don't generally confer all the data is a result of the cutoff points in the entire time of the exercises. At that point the perfect methodology is set a solicitation I should obtain exposition papers composed. Clearly, maybe it doesn't happen, thus as to avoid such cases I recommend that you to peruse the data underneath, as it incorporates just the most critical focuses how t o start a school article. </p> <p>The article is the place to allow the confirmations office of your planned school get the opportunity to comprehend your character, character, and the gifts and capacities that aren't on your transcript. A significant key to acknowledgment into school programs depends on commonly phenomenal scores on in any event one of these tests. It's very critical to exhibit your ability to be an intensive spectator of the Earth, since that will be one of your key employments as an understudy. Numerous school candidates cause the mistake of endeavoring to remember every one of their achievements and exercises for their application papers. </p> <p>When you're done composition, you should ensure your paper despite everything holds fast to the brief. The article, on the other side, ought to give included understanding into a few your most important encounters. All things considered, your paper requires a title. Composing your article will be significantly less difficult on the off chance that you discover the whole of it first and simply, at that point return and work out correctly the way that it ought to start.</p>

Literary Essay in Fourth Grade

Literary Essay in Fourth GradeLiterary essays are amongst the most difficult writing assignments that parents are faced with and this is the reason why they are used mostly by teachers in the fourth grade. The purpose of such a paper is to get an idea about the student's ability to work on the topic of the assignment.In fourth grade, students of the age group of ten to twelve years are put under the supervision of a teacher and these tutors are actually tasked to provide one fourth graders and another with literary essays. This is to give a glimpse of the student's ability to interact on the topic and to express himself.So, the literary essay samples that have been used by the tutors are actually samples in the form of novels and some short stories that are related to the assigned topic. For instance, a teacher may have a subject which deals with the subject of death and such a topic is related to literature. Therefore, it becomes easier for the student to write an essay.This is beca use of the fact that most of the academic papers have been based on different issues like gender, politics, education, animals and humans etc. This is actually a theory and not a fact. For example, a student who writes a short story may not know much about the subject he is writing about but if he knows how to deal with it, he can be successful in his topic.Fourth grade writers will be able to meet their objective of writing good academic papers. This is because this level of student can write a great literary essay on any topic as long as the writer is able to understand the subject and work with it.However, the literary essay samples in fourth grade are not as good as the ones found in the higher grades. The reason behind this is that some writers may lack the experience and therefore they can be ineffective in the fourth grade. The essays they write will not necessarily be engaging or easy to read but it will be considered as an ordinary composition.Fourth graders and seventh gra ders are not as innovative as the advanced students and hence they may lack the creativity and originality that the advanced students possess. But as the year progresses, these fourth graders will be able to use their skills and knowledge in order to become good writers. One may just see good results when reading their assignments.Fourth grade is when they start studying facts and numbers and this is when they are actually faced with grammar and formalities. This is why fourth graders find it difficult to write literary essays in the fourth grade because they are not used to this.

Essay Topics For College Applications - Make Your Essay the Most Read One

<h1>Essay Topics For College Applications - Make Your Essay the Most Read One</h1><p>The rivalry for school affirmation will be one of the most extraordinary encounters in an understudy's life. Exposition themes for school applications are an incredible method to guarantee you get your paper peruse and get yourself into an extraordinary school.</p><p></p><p>Writing an educational plan is significant in light of the fact that it sets the system for all subjects. You need your educational program to be straightforward and you need to have the option to bore in the subjects at the school that you are applying to. Along these lines, you have to compose exposition themes for school applications that help to put the entirety of the subjects together and guarantee that you can do this.</p><p></p><p>First, you need to ensure that your paper points for school applications can cover the topic that the school you are applying to offers. It is frequently best to go with subjects that are not wide and simpler to express what is on your mind in. Ensure that you stay away from expansive subjects since they can be hard to sum up in a couple sentences.</p><p></p><p>Second, remember that you need to compose general points. You would prefer not to try too hard with such a large number of words that can be hard to comprehend. An elegantly composed article is constantly viable, so you have to compose paper themes for school applications that don't have an excessive number of superfluous subtleties or wording.</p><p></p><p>Third, when you are considering exposition points for school applications, ensure that you utilize an equation. You need to have an equation that works for you that you can use over again throughout the application procedure. Having a similar exposition subjects for school applications as a primary concern is significant on the grounds that it permits you to get your paper canvassed in one sitting.</p><p></p><p>Fourth, in your article points for school applications, you need to keep them basic and direct. You would prefer not to compose since a long time ago, drawn out papers. You need to compose short, brief however incredible articles that will recount to your story in as barely any words as possible.</p><p></p><p>In decision, there is a last note about paper themes for school applications. You need to concentrate on getting your application read. In this manner, you need to utilize exposition subjects for school applications that make your paper meaningful and help to get it read.</p><p></p><p>Be sure to follow these tips for article points for school applications. They are easy to utilize and they can have a major effect in your confirmations chances.</p>

What You Dont Know About Top 5 Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

<h1> What You Don't Know About Top 5 Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think</h1> <h2> The Fight Against Top 5 Essay Topics </h2> <p>The nuts and bolts close by a stunning exposition theme are sure to increase an exceptional evaluation. At the point when it has to do with composing a factious exposition there's a great deal included. Every now and then, it helps to look at what others are writing to discover a few thoughts so here are the best 5 exposition points in science. The fundamentals of logical composing are consistently precisely the same, whichever exposition theme you select. </p> <p>Academic composing isn't easy to characterize. The IELTS essayAKA IELTS Writing Task 2is the most trustworthy locale of the test. It is a blessing that falls into place without any issues. </p> <h2> Top 5 Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone </h2> <p>Fortunately, you can figure out how to create an astounding paper on the off chance that you can stick to the typical example and write in an exceptionally clear and sorted out technique. The presentation should start with a general conversation of your subject and result in a quite certain announcement of your chief point, or theory. At that point you might want to include a couple of sentences that accentuate the estimation of this issue and the essentialness of your view. In this manner, models should be used to additionally explain what the author is endeavoring to pass on. </p> <p>So should you have to utilize school article author on the web, we're only the individuals that you should contact. While the case there are a couple of incredible authors in school some discover it very dubious to compose. A smart thought is devise another snare, one which sums up your article in only two or three words. In picking your point, it's as often as possible a decent idea to begin with a subject which you as of now have some nature with. </p> <h2>Top Top 5 Essay Topics Secrets </h2> <p>In a lot of circumstances riots are known to happen together with viciousness. Plainly, an extortion articles help administration doesn't need you to have an alternative to contact them in the wake of being ransacked. On the planet today, fear mongering is a tremendous hotly debated issue. </p> <h2> Top Choices of Top 5 Essay Topics </h2> <p>The numerous points could be found, for example, in the exposition abstracts global database. As an end, our gathering of talented specialists additionally gives a last decision which will assist you with settling on an all around educated decision. All educators wish to see at least three tenable sources in your paper. </p> <p>Gather enough data that will assist you with building up the 3 body passages. A central article plot comprises of your theme alongside the proof. A diagram ensures that you have the pivotal segments to create an astounding essay.</p> <p>To discover help, you initially should pinpoint what the examination paper will be about. You are probably going to cherish our work. The real people exceptionally acclaim our exposition help site. For some of them you will need support, while others you're ready to compose completely all alone. </p> <p>The presentation has become the most significant passage since it supplies course for the full paper. In numerous expert settings, conscious argumentation is what prompts the development of new contemplations and points of view. Regardless of whether you are needing a total paper composed without any preparation or just a touch of editing, we're constantly here to help! Regardless of whether you might want to see how to form a three passage exposition of 5 section paper, a presentation remains the equivalent. </p> <h2> The New Angle On Top 5 Essay Topics Just Released</h2> <p>Now you can get real school paper on the web, one that is going to accommodate your monetary arrangement and complete your work moreover. You may even look at a few surveys and pick the business that most suits your prerequisites and economical spending plan. There are numerous reasons why you should favor our administrations. In the event that you might want to gain high top notch research and proposition papers in time and at a reasonable cost, you ought to likely evaluate utilizing EssaySupply.com. </p> <h2> Lies You've Been Told About Top 5 Essay Topics</h2> <p>The initial passage contains a reword of something said by a prestigious individual to have the option to discover the peruser's advantage. Seeing how to create a solid factious paper will assist you with propelling y our own one of a kind contentious reasoning. A proposal may likewise be utilized to call attention to the subject of each body section. You will likewise require a type of progress from the past passage to your decision. </p>

Choose a Topic and Research Your Research Paper Topics

Choose a Topic and Research Your Research Paper TopicsIt is often thought that law school and legal environment research papers are not difficult. This is because they have a set format, and there are common examples in case you might find yourself in a similar situation. However, it can be challenging to write a simple research paper, if you do not know what to write about.First, you must decide on a topic. There are many types of law that can be researched for these types of papers, including criminal law, environmental law, business law, immigration law, tax law, human rights law, and patent law. Although you can get by with just researching one of these areas, it is best to research all of them to make sure you have a base from which to work.Therefore, the next step is to choose which of the various research paper topics you want to research. If you do not want to choose a topic, then it will be much easier to write your paper. The reason you want to choose a topic is because thi s allows you to explore the law related to the topic. You may find that there are differences between the law in other countries, or that laws are different in your country than in other countries.Therefore, if you choose a topic that is not connected to the law in your country, then you may not be as able to explore that law and its details. It is important that when writing any type of paper, you understand the topic thoroughly before you begin writing the paper, so that you will know what to include in your paper.Next, you should decide on how to research the law that relates to the topic that you choose. For example, if you chose to research criminal law, you could use a survey, or you could visit a law library, or you could go to a prison.Perhaps you will want to take a vacation and visit a new country. Some countries do not allow tourists to be there. In this case, you would need to be creative in how you were able to write your paper.If you are doing the research paper topics , you can find out a lot of information through the library. Your library can provide you with a large amount of information to help you research topics. Also, you can use search engines to find the information you need.By knowing what type of topics you want to research, you will be able to write a legal environment research paper. The information you will be provided is based on the law in your country. By researching a lot, you will be able to write a successful paper.

Why I Want to Start Business With MBA Essay Samples

Why I Want to Start Business With MBA Essay SamplesThe personal statement of an MBA (Master of Business Administration) student is one of the most important parts of the application. It is filled with valuable information about your academic achievements, job experience and other relevant factors that will make your application stand out from the rest. In this article I will be revealing some of the best essay samples available for use in your MBA essay.MBA Essay samples are available in many formats; e.g. PDF, Word, and Excel. All these can be used to express you own thoughts on the subject. Some use of the word 'but'and' at the end of a paragraph can also be useful.The MBA Essay samples provide a good number of ways to work out the correct format for your essay. They should help you choose the structure you like the most. Use whichever method fits your needs best.In order to give your MBA essay sample a more professional look you can include images. These will assist the reader in understanding what your writing is all about. This is essential in providing additional weight to your essay.Most corporate business schools have online services where students can submit their essays for consideration. You can avail this service and complete the application and the MBA essay samples within a short time.If you prefer to do all your MBA essay assignments at home, make sure you have a step by step guide so that you can write an MBA essay at ease. It would be good if you know how to present your ideas in a very clear manner.A good way to do this is to do the assignment first before you go out to your next appointment. You can do a quick outline of the research and background questions that will be asked during the interview. Then review it over the lunch break.

Marketing Definition and Importance - 1431 Words

Marketing Definition and Importance Marketing Definition and Importance The world of marketing is very diverse and can be defined and applied in many different ways. One person might be asked to give a definition of marketing and give a totally different definition than another person. Marketing importance to an organization can be different from one to the other depending on product line and ways in which the organization markets the product. In today’s paper one will look at two different definitions of marketing, the importance of marketing within an organization and three examples of marketing in the business world. First let’s look at definitions of marketing. Marketing is defined as the â€Å"Means to make a communication about a†¦show more content†¦(. http://tools.devshed.com/c/a/Website-Marketing/Importance-of-Marketing/2/, 2007) Examples of marketing in the real business world Examples of marketing are every where around us in every business organization, the examples just might seem different as there are many ways to market a product, let’s look at three different examples. The first is e-publishing,† E-publishing’ is becoming increasingly popular for business articles. Electronic publishers are capable of providing quick gratification for late night readers, especially with books that are not available with larger book retailers. Electronic publishers also provide books by new authors that are unlikely to be offered by or profitable for traditional publishers†.http://www.morebusiness.com/running_your_business/marketing/ (n.d.). Another example is social marketing, â€Å"Thanks to new advertising methods like Social Marketing, advertising doesn’t have to cost an arm and a leg any longer. In years gone by, advertising your product, service or any related program was a very hard and costly venture to take advantage of. In days’ past, putting together a successful marketing program meant you would have to browse through the Internet for hours on end searching for competing products and to make sure that yours is unique. Then, you would have to start networking in order to find suitable partners to attract traffic to your web site. Next, you would have to go about looking for affiliate orShow MoreRelatedDefining Marketing981 Words   |  4 PagesDefining Marketing What is marketing? More important, what importance does marketing have on an organization s success? In this paper, marketing will be defined. 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Dangers of Online Predators free essay sample

Law enforcement agencies and parents have to do whatever it takes to protect children ND they should make sure that the necessary steps are taken. Law enforcement agencies are using the media and they are holding online to help capture these offenders. Parents should make sure that their home computers have the proper software, know who kids are friends with online, gain access to all emails kids use, make sure computers are visible at all times, and never turn a blind eye and think that this will never happen to their children. Kids safety is always a priority and they should be guarded at all times. I have chosen a degree In Criminal Justice with an emphasis In Cyber-crimes to protect kids against online predators. Educating parents and children about the dangers of online predators and discussing how law enforcement agencies and parents can protect our children is the first step. This paper will discuss what kids dont know about online predators, how these online predators are hiding their Identities from law enforcement, how law enforcement Is cracking down on online predators, and most Importantly, how parents can protect their kids against online predators.Kids do not realize that predators look for kids with a lack of self-esteem, ids that are vulnerable, and kids that are having problems at home. These offenders meet children in public chat rooms geared towards teens and teens engaging in sexual subjects (Walk, 2004). They will soon lure kids into private chat rooms or instant messaging. Some offenders lie about age and or sex to gain trust of children. Once trust Is built, the predator Introduces the child to pornography. This lowers the childs inhibitions and desensitizing the child to nudity, and validates adult-child sexual relations (Person, 2003).After all these things occurs, a face to face meet teen the child and predator often follows, and the child is usually sexually abused or worse (killed). Some offenders create child-like avatars, go online and pose as teenagers. Predators use free WI-IF at public access points or connect to insecure wireless They hide IP addresses by using proxy servers. Predators use throw- away, free e- mail accounts such as hush mails (private emails that children set up and hide from their parents) and counter surveillance methods. Offenders use pre-paid credit cards to hide any online transactions. They also steal IP addresses of business to avoid detection. These measures that offenders are taking, is making it hard for law enforcement to track them down (NIECES, 2010). Law enforcement officers are posing as minors online and assuming different gender to catch online predators (Mitchell, 2005). There is also the media, like the television show To Catch a Predator, to catch and arrest some of these predators. Cyber Tip-lines have been formed so that if parents see anything that is inappropriate they can report it to law enforcement.The FBI, Homeland Security, and other agencies have put together different types of operations to protect kids from inline predators (NIECES, 2010). Law enforcement officers are collecting and preserving all evidence of grooming, such as pornography, Web cameras, and other electronic equipment to bring down these predators (Brown, 2001). Law enforcement agencies across the nation are taking the necessary steps so that evidence can be given to the prosecutor and use at trial to show the perpetrators motivation (Brown, 2001). Parents should talk to their kids about the dangers of online predators.They should become computer literate and learn the lingo that children use online, PLUS parents looking over my shoulder), FT (lets meet face to face), and other abbreviations. Parents should put parental software on computer to monitor sites and keep kids off unsafe sites (Tomorrows, 2007). Home computers should be kept in a family room or kitchen so that parents can monitor and see exactly what sites the children are on. Parents should also discourage their kids from going into chat rooms, especially, private chat rooms with strangers.They should always make sure they know who all of their childrens friends are on the internet (Tomorrows, 2007). When a parent notices inappropriate material on their computer they should notify law enforcement immediately. Parents should use all these measures plus become familiar with the internet and the language their kids use on the computer to protect them from online predators. I have chosen to get my Bachelors degree in Criminal Justice with an emphasis in Cyber-crimes to protect kids from online predators.In the Cyber-crime field I will be able to protect kids from online predators and educate parents and kids of the online dangers that lurk in cyberspace. Online predators are trying to manipulate and prey on children that are going through something in their home life. Predators are getting smarter and wiser when it comes to lurking and preying on children through the internet. They are taking many precautionary measures to protect their identity from our kids and law enforcement. The FBI, Homeland Security, and other agencies have put together task forces to stop online predators. Law enforcement have partnered with the television show To Catch a Predator to stop online predators. Most of the predators that are arrested on this show are men between the ages of 20 to 55 years of age. Law enforcement and prosecutors are doing everything they can to put these criminals behind bars. Parents should take need not turn a blind eye and think that their child will not become prey to predators while online.They need to get computer literate and learn the lingo that their children are using while they are on the internet. Parents need to educate their kids about online dangers and keep their computers in areas where traffic is heavy flowing. They also need to get the proper software on their computers to cut down the risk of predators getting to their children. In summary, parents and law enforcement officials need to work together to educate themselves and kids about the dangers of online predators because online predators are doing whatever it takes to manipulate and prey on children.